In medical and surgical settings, hygiene and durability are paramount. This is why Disposable Scrim Reinforced Hand Paper Towels have become an essential tool in maintaining cleanliness and efficiency. Designed specifically for hospital surgical use, these towels strike the perfect balance between strength and softness, ensuring that healthcare professionals have access to reliable and hygienic tools during critical moments.

Unmatched Durability with Scrim Reinforcement

Unlike conventional paper towels, our scrim paper is made from a unique blend of pure wood pulp paper and scrim cotton mesh. This innovative composition delivers exceptional strength, making the paper resistant to tearing even when wet. The scrim reinforced hand paper is perfect for surgical environments where durability is crucial. Whether it’s for cleaning hands, equipment, or surfaces, these towels ensure no lint or fibers are left behind, maintaining the sterility of the space.

Eco-Friendly and Hygienic

As sustainability becomes increasingly important in medical practices, our medical hand paper provides an environmentally friendly solution. Crafted from biodegradable materials, it not only ensures maximum hygiene but also supports eco-conscious practices. The towels are soft yet durable, offering an excellent user experience without compromising on environmental responsibility.

Why Choose Telijie’s Scrim Reinforced Paper?

When it comes to sourcing reliable and high-quality scrim-reinforced paper, Telijie stands out as a trusted partner. Our scrim reinforced paper is produced using advanced technology and strict quality control to meet the highest standards. Beyond the product itself, Telijie offers unparalleled customer service. From customizable packaging options to timely delivery, we ensure that our clients’ needs are met with professionalism and care.

Telijie is not just a manufacturer; we are a solution provider, dedicated to helping healthcare facilities maintain the highest levels of hygiene with innovative products. Trust Telijie to deliver exceptional quality and service every step of the way.

Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) represent a diverse group of disorders characterized by inflammation and scarring of lung tissue. These conditions can lead to significant respiratory impairment and pose challenges for diagnosis and treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanisms and identifying reliable biomarkers are crucial for the effective management of ILDs.

One of the critical biomarkers associated with interstitial pneumonia is KL-6 (Krebs von den Lungen-6). KL-6 is a glycoprotein expressed in type II alveolar cells and is released into the bloodstream in response to lung injury. Elevated levels of KL-6 have been linked to various forms of interstitial lung disease, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and other inflammatory lung conditions. This makes KL-6 a valuable tool for clinicians in assessing disease activity and progression.

The clinical significance of KL-6 lies in its ability to serve as a non-invasive marker for monitoring interstitial lung diseases. High concentrations of KL-6 in serum are often indicative of active disease and may correlate with the severity of lung damage. Regular monitoring of KL-6 levels can provide insights into treatment efficacy and help guide therapeutic decisions, making it an essential biomarker in the management of ILDs.

To support your research and development in the field of ILDs, Poclight offer KL-6 (Krebs von den Lungen-6) along with quality control products. Diagnostic value of serum KL-6 in Interstitial Lung Disease are designed to enhance the reliability and accuracy of your assays, ensuring that you can confidently assess Human Krebs Von den Lungen 6 Kit or research studies. Explore Poclight's product information below to learn more about how we can assist you in advancing your reagent development efforts.

Thyroid function tests are essential tools in diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders. Understanding the clinical significance of these tests can help healthcare providers make informed decisions regarding patient care. This blog will explore the main clinical points of thyroid testing, focusing on TSH and T3/T4 levels, and highlight effective solutions for accurate testing.

 

Clinical Application of TSH Testing

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) testing is the cornerstone of thyroid function assessment. TSH levels help determine whether the thyroid is functioning properly. Elevated TSH levels typically indicate hypothyroidism, while suppressed levels suggest hyperthyroidism. Clinicians commonly use TSH tests to monitor patients with known thyroid disorders, assess the effectiveness of treatment, and screen for thyroid dysfunction in at-risk populations. The ability to obtain accurate TSH results is crucial for optimal patient management.

 

Clinical Application of T3/T4 Testing

In addition to TSH, measuring triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels provides further insights into thyroid function. T3 and T4 tests are particularly valuable in diagnosing specific conditions such as hyperthyroidism or thyroid hormone resistance. While T4 is usually the most abundant hormone, measuring both T3 and T4 helps clinicians differentiate between different types of thyroid dysfunction. Reliable results from these tests are vital for tailoring treatment plans to individual patient needs.

Thyroid function tests, particularly TSH and T3/T4 levels, play a pivotal role in diagnosing and managing thyroid disorders. For healthcare providers, having access to reliable testing solutions is essential. Poclight offers advanced thyroid testing products that require no washing or separation, eliminating the complexities often associated with laboratory procedures. Additionally, our tests can be stored at room temperature and have a long shelf life, ensuring consistent performance without the need for cold chain transportation.

 

 

By choosing Poclight's thyroid testing solutions, healthcare providers benefit from an easy installation process and maintenance-free instruments, allowing for seamless integration into clinical practice. Moreover, Poclight's products are suitable for various applications, including point-of-care testing (POCT)/CLIA/HPLC, and have CE certification. With rapid TSH results available in just 3 minutes and advanced methodologies ensuring accuracy. Choose Poclight for effective thyroid testing and experience the benefits of efficient, reliable diagnostics.

 

In our body’s immune system, there exists a class of small yet powerful molecules that function like commanders, precisely regulating the actions of immune cells—these are cytokines. The Automated Cytokine Detection plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. In response to the growing health demands, we are excited to introduce a comprehensive cytokine testing menu from Poclight:

IL-1β、IL-2、IL-2R、IL-4、IL-5、IL-6、IL-8、IFN-a、IFN-γ、TNF-a、IL-10、IL-17、IL-12p70

Cytokines are vital for cell communication and play a significant role in immune responses. They help orchestrate the body’s defense mechanisms against infections and diseases, influencing inflammation, cell growth, and tissue repair. Understanding the levels and types of cytokines present can provide valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of diseases such as autoimmune disorders, infections, and cancers. Therefore, detection and quantification of cytokines and other biomarkers is essential for clinicians to effective treatment plans for their patients.

Poclight's cytokine testing services are applicable across various medical specialties. They are particularly valuable in departments such as immunology, infectious diseases, oncology, and rheumatology. By utilizing Poclight's testing menu, healthcare providers can gain critical information that aids in patient management and improves health outcomes.

Poclight's cytokine testing in clinical pain practice is designed to meet the diverse needs of healthcare professionals and their patients. By offering advanced testing capabilities, we empower clinicians to make informed decisions and enhance their diagnostic accuracy. 

The introduction of active vitamin B12 testing has sparked extensive discussions within the academic community regarding its effectiveness compared to traditional B12 testing methods. As healthcare professionals seek to improve diagnostic accuracy, understanding the nuances between these two testing approaches has become crucial. This dialogue not only highlights the importance of vitamin B12 in maintaining overall health but also seeks to clarify the best practices for detecting its levels in the body.

Vitamin B12 deficiency is more common than one might think, affecting millions globally. Epidemiological studies indicate that deficiencies can arise due to various factors, including dietary restrictions, malabsorption disorders, and certain medications. Symptoms of deficiency can include fatigue, neurological issues, and anemia, making early detection essential. With a growing awareness of these risks, the need for accurate testing becomes increasingly pressing to ensure individuals receive timely and appropriate treatment.

When it comes to risk factors for vitamin B12 deficiency, individuals with gastrointestinal issues, strict vegans, and the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Standard indicators for testing typically include serum vitamin B12 levels, but this measure can sometimes be misleading. This is where the distinction between total vitamin B12 and active vitamin B12 testing becomes significant. Active B12 tests specifically measure the bioavailable forms of the vitamin, providing a clearer picture of what the body can actually utilize, which may be crucial for effective management of deficiency.

The comparison between total vitamin B12 and active vitamin B12 testing reveals important insights. While traditional tests can indicate overall B12 levels, they may not accurately reflect the functional status of the vitamin in the body. Active B12 tests, on the other hand, offer a more precise assessment without the need for complex procedures. Moreover, advancements in testing technology now allow for methods that are not only easier but also more reliable. For example, some tests require no washing or separation, can be stored at room temperature, and boast long reagent shelf lives, making them highly convenient for both healthcare providers and patients.

Understanding the differences between total and active vitamin B12 tests is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment. As healthcare continues to evolve, products that offer high accuracy and ease of use will become increasingly important. Poclight's active vitamin B12 testing solution stands out not only for its reliability and convenience but also for its user-friendly design—requiring no maintenance, offering simple installation, and featuring a straightforward one-step operation. With these advantages, healthcare professionals can confidently ensure their patients receive the best possible care in the battle against vitamin B12 deficiency.

In the medical field, hygiene and durability are two key considerations for disposable products. One such product that exemplifies these qualities is scrim reinforced paper, a material widely used in the production of medical hand towels. As healthcare facilities demand stronger and more reliable supplies, the importance of using high-quality scrim reinforced paper raw material has never been more evident.

What is Scrim Reinforced Paper?

Scrim reinforced paper is a specialized material that integrates a mesh-like scrim layer into the paper. This reinforcement enhances the paper's strength, tear resistance, and durability, making it ideal for applications where reliability is non-negotiable. For medical hand towels, this raw material ensures that the towels maintain their integrity even when exposed to moisture, which is a common requirement in medical environments.

Why Choose Scrim Reinforced Paper Raw Material for Medical Hand Towels?

The benefits of using medical hand paper raw material with scrim reinforcement are multifold. First, it delivers unparalleled strength, allowing the towels to handle demanding tasks without tearing or falling apart. Second, the scrim layer provides stability, ensuring that the product can be used efficiently in high-pressure environments like hospitals and clinics. Lastly, the material's absorbency makes it perfect for cleaning and drying purposes in medical settings, where maintaining hygiene is paramount.

Applications in the Medical Industry

Medical hand towels made from scrim reinforced paper raw material are versatile and essential in various healthcare scenarios. From aiding in quick hand drying to cleaning equipment surfaces, these towels are indispensable in maintaining cleanliness and infection control. Their ability to withstand rigorous use while remaining lightweight and disposable makes them a preferred choice for medical professionals worldwide.

Why Telijie is Your Best Partner for Scrim Reinforced Paper

When it comes to sourcing premium scrim reinforced paper, Telijie stands out as a trusted brand in the industry. Telijie not only offers top-tier scrim reinforced paper raw material but also provides comprehensive support to ensure customer satisfaction. Our materials meet the highest quality standards, ensuring durability, reliability, and performance for your medical hand towel production.

Beyond product excellence, Telijie is renowned for its exceptional service. We prioritize understanding your specific needs and delivering tailored solutions, whether you're looking for custom specifications or timely delivery. With Telijie, you gain a partner who is as committed to your success as you are.

For premium scrim reinforced paper solutions, trust Telijie to provide the materials and support you need to elevate your products and stand out in the competitive medical industry.

Zirconia beads find their application in grinding the anode and cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Below are three methods for preparing lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) using zirconia beads.

 

Carbothermal Reduction Method

The carbothermal reduction method utilizes the reducing property of carbon to reduce Fe3+ while simultaneously forming a carbon coating on the surface of LiFePO4. This carbon coating prevents particle aggregation, increases inter-particle contact, and improves electrical conductivity. One of its advantages is that it creates a strong reducing atmosphere during synthesis, allowing the use of not only divalent iron compounds but also trivalent iron compounds as iron sources, thus reducing costs. Companies such as Valence in the United States and Suzhou Hengzheng have adopted this method for LiFePO4 preparation. This method offers the advantage of a simple and controllable production process, where a sample can be obtained after a single sintering, providing an alternative route for the industrialization of LiFePO4. Using Fe2O3, Li2CO3, NH4H2PO4, and carbon black as raw materials, LiFePO4/C powders are prepared via the carbothermal reduction method. The LiFePO4/C synthesized under 700°C in an inert atmosphere exhibits excellent crystallinity and a high initial charge-discharge capacity of 150mAh/g. Research on the preparation of lithium iron phosphate cathode materials using iron oxide as the iron source and the carbothermal reduction method has explored the reaction mechanism. In the reaction, Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO, and FeO reacts with LiH2PO4 at 600°C to form LiFePO4. Using CH3COOLi, NH4H2PO4, Fe(CH3COO)2, and citric acid as raw materials, the desired product is obtained through ball milling, drying, pressing, and sintering. This sample exhibits good electrochemical performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 148mAh/g at 0.2C rate and a capacity loss rate of only 3% after 50 cycles. The effects of three process factors: sintering temperature, sintering time, and carbon content, on electrochemical performance were studied. Through optimized experiments, the best process conditions were found to be 12% carbon content and sintering at 750°C for 15 hours, under which the synthesized sample exhibited the best electrochemical performance, with an initial charge-discharge capacity of 140mAh/g and a capacity retention rate of 97% after 80 cycles.

 

Microwave Sintering Method

 

The microwave sintering method, characterized by its strong penetrating capability, enables the simultaneous heating of both the surface and the center of an object, achieving uniform heat distribution. Compared to other heating methods, it boasts rapid heating rates, short synthesis times, uniform heating, and low energy consumption. The preparation of LiFePO4 using the microwave method involves ball-milling stoichiometric ratios of Fe(CH3COO)2, Fe(CH2CHOHCOO)2·2H2O, and Fe as iron sources with Li2CO3 and NH4H2PO4 using zirconia beads. After drying and pressing, the samples are placed in crucibles and heated in a household microwave oven. Notably, Fe(CH2CHOHCOO)2 is non-microwave-absorbing and thus does not react. Experimental results indicate that the microwave heating time is a crucial factor in the synthesis of LiFePO4. Samples derived from Fe as the iron source exhibit superior electrochemical performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 125mAh/g at 60°C and 0.1C rate. Using FeC2O4 as the raw material, incorporating 15% graphite powder, and undergoing grinding, pressing, and pre-decomposition, the samples are then placed in a 500W household microwave oven. Analysis of the heating time reveals its impact on the sample's structure and morphology. LiFePO4 begins to form after 5 minutes of heating, but the crystal structure is incomplete and blocky. Heating for 9 minutes results in sharp diffraction peaks, indicating well-developed crystals with the smallest grain size. However, heating for 11 minutes leads to the formation of an impurity phase, Fe3(PO4)2, likely due to decomposition caused by excessive heating. The optimal sample obtained after 9 minutes of microwave heating exhibits a complete crystal structure with the smallest grain size and an initial discharge capacity of 148mAh/g.

 

Mechanochemical Method

 

The mechanochemical method is employed to prepare highly dispersed compounds. The application of mechanical force breaks down particles, increasing the contact area and introducing lattice defects, thereby promoting chemical reactions. Utilizing LiOH, FeC2O4, and (NH4)2HPO4 as raw materials, LiFePO4 cathode materials with excellent electrochemical performance are prepared via a mechanical alloying process. Ball-milling Fe3(PO4)2, Li3PO4, and sucrose for 24 hours in a planetary ball mill using zirconia beads, followed by heat treatment at 500°C for 15 minutes under a nitrogen atmosphere, leads to the synthesis of LiFePO4. The heat-treated LiFePO4 exhibits a complete crystal structure with a conductive carbon additive. Its specific discharge capacity at 0.2C rate is close to the theoretical value of 160mAh/g, demonstrating excellent cycling performance.

 

Conclusion

In summary, zirconia beads play a significant role in the grinding process of the anode and cathode materials for lithium batteries, particularly in the preparation of lithium iron phosphate. Their application has enabled three distinct preparation methods—the carbothermal reduction method, microwave sintering method, and mechanochemical method—to achieve remarkable results. By optimizing process parameters, these methods have successfully produced lithium iron phosphate materials with high electrochemical performance, providing strong support for the performance enhancement and industrial production of lithium batteries. With the continuous advancement of technology and further research, it is expected that the application of zirconia beads in the lithium battery field will become more extensive, contributing significantly to the development of the new energy sector.

 

In the rapidly evolving world of industrial materials, zirconia balls and beads have emerged as a game-changer. Their unique properties and versatility have opened up new possibilities in various industries, especially those requiring ultra-fine grinding and dispersion of high-hardness abrasive materials. As an industrial ceramic engineer with over a decade of experience in Europe and the Americas, I have witnessed the remarkable progress zirconia balls and beads have brought to numerous applications.

 

Characteristics of Zirconia Balls & Beads

Zirconia balls and beads, or high wear-resistant zirconia grinding media, are a testament to the advancements in technical ceramics. Their combination of high strength, hardness, and fracture toughness makes them ideal for demanding applications. Additionally, their minimal wear, high temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, and electrical insulation properties further solidify their position as a premier choice.

 

Application Fields of Zirconia Balls & Beads

The diverse applications of zirconia balls and beads are a testament to their unparalleled performance. They are widely used in the ultra-fine grinding and dispersion of high-hardness abrasive materials in industries such as dyes and coatings, electronic materials, medicine, food, and lithium battery raw materials. Zirconia's ability to provide large shearing force during grinding, coupled with its excellent wear resistance, ensures high grinding efficiency and extended service life.

 

How to Select the Right Zirconia Balls & Beads for Your Project

Choosing the right zirconia balls and beads for your specific project is crucial. Consider factors such as the material's hardness, abrasiveness, and viscosity. Zirconia's excellent properties allow it to handle even the most challenging materials, ensuring a smooth and efficient grinding process. Furthermore, its compatibility with various ball mills and sand mills makes it a versatile choice for a wide range of applications.

 

Manufacturing Process of Zirconia Balls & Beads

The manufacturing process of zirconia balls and beads involves the use of high-purity, ultra-fine inorganic compound powders. These powders undergo precise manufacturing processes and structural design to produce the final product. The result is a technically advanced ceramic material that meets the highest standards of performance and durability.

 

Case Studies and Success Stories of Using Zirconia Balls & Beads

Over the years, zirconia balls and beads have been successfully implemented in numerous applications, delivering exceptional results. One such case study involves the use of zirconia grinding media in the production of high-end electronic materials. The zirconia balls and beads provided the necessary grinding force and precision, resulting in a significant improvement in product quality and production efficiency.

 

Conclusion

Zirconia balls and beads are a testament to the power of advanced industrial ceramics. Their unique properties and versatility have revolutionized the ultra-fine grinding and dispersion of high-hardness abrasive materials. As we continue to push the boundaries of technological innovation, zirconia balls and beads will undoubtedly play a crucial role in shaping the future of numerous industries.

 

In the ever-evolving landscape of advanced technical ceramics, quartz tubes have emerged as a formidable contender, boasting a range of exceptional properties that cater to the diverse needs of industries worldwide. With their superior optical clarity, high temperature resistance, and corrosion resilience, quartz tubes are finding increasingly widespread applications in semiconductor manufacturing, optical communication, and beyond.

 

 

Characteristics of Quartz Tubes

Quartz tubes are renowned for their unique combination of properties. Their optical clarity allows for exceptional light transmission, while their ability to withstand extreme temperatures and resist corrosion ensures durability in harsh environments. Quartz tubes are also non-porous and chemically inert, making them ideal for applications where purity and contamination control are paramount.

 

 

Application Fields of Quartz Tubes

Quartz tubes find applications in a wide range of industries. In semiconductor manufacturing, their optical clarity and high temperature resistance make them invaluable for processes such as etching and deposition. In optical communication, quartz capillary tubes are used in fiber optic systems, ensuring reliable transmission of signals. Chemical processing and laboratory equipment also benefit from the use of quartz spiral tubes, which can withstand harsh chemicals and extreme temperatures.

 

 

How to Select the Right Quartz Tube for Your Project

Choosing the right quartz tube for your project requires a careful consideration of your specific needs. Factors such as optical clarity, temperature resistance, and chemical compatibility should be taken into account. Additionally, the shape and size of the tube, as well as its intended application, will determine the optimal choice. Consulting with a technical ceramic expert can help you navigate the various options and make an informed decision.

 

Manufacturing Process of Quartz Tubes

The manufacturing process of quartz tubes involves the use of high-purity quartz powder, which is formed into a tube shape through precision molding techniques. The resulting tube is then sintered at high temperatures to achieve the desired properties. The manufacturing process ensures that quartz tubes meet the stringent requirements for purity, optical clarity, and durability.

 

 

Case Studies and Success Stories of Using Quartz Tubes

Quartz tubes have proven their worth in numerous applications across industries. In semiconductor manufacturing, quartz tubes have enabled the development of more efficient and reliable production processes. In optical communication, the use of quartz capillary tubes has enhanced the performance of fiber optic systems. Chemical processing and laboratory equipment have also benefited from the use of quartz spiral tubes, which have improved the efficiency and safety of various processes.

 

 

Conclusion

Quartz tubes, as a versatile material in advanced technical ceramics, offer a unique set of properties that cater to the diverse needs of industries worldwide. Their optical clarity, high temperature resistance, and corrosion resilience make them ideal for applications in semiconductor manufacturing, optical communication, chemical processing, and beyond. As the demand for quartz tubes continues to grow, it is essential to understand their characteristics, applications, and how to select the right one for your specific project. Consulting with a technical ceramic expert can help you navigate the various options and ensure that you make an informed decision that meets your needs.

Filtration membrane refers to a medium that separates two different phases of substances under certain driving forces. Under action of driving force, ions, molecules and some particles in the mixed solution can be separated by the permeability of the membrane.

According to the material type, membranes are classified into organic membranes and inorganic membranes. Organic membranes were first introduced and widely used in water treatment due to their high separation efficiency, simple equipment, and easy forming process. However, they still have inherent drawbacks such as short lifespan, poor chemical stability, weak resistance to microorganisms, and poor thermal stability.

Inorganic membranes, particularly ceramic membranes, have gradually attracted attention. Since the 1990s, the annual growth rate of inorganic membranes has reached 30%-35%, with ceramic membranes accounting for approximately 80% of this growth.

 

Performance Characteristics of Inorganic Ceramic Membranes

 

Ceramic membranes are a kind of solid-state membrane, with their support consisting of porous ceramic materials and the filtering layer composed of microporous ceramic membranes. They can be tubular, flat, or multi-channel shaped. The surface of ceramic membranes features uniformly arranged micropores with pore sizes typically ranging from 0.004 to 15μm. Prepared from materials such as Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, and SiO2, ceramic membranes are well known for their excellent chemical stability, high temperature resistance, and long lifespan.

 

1. High Temperature Resistance

Inorganic ceramic membranes have excellent heat resistance, with most ceramic membranes capable of operating at temperatures ranging from 1000-1300℃. They are suitable for the separation of high-temperature and high-viscosity fluids. In scenarios those chemical cleaning is not feasible, such as in the food, dairy, and pharmaceutical industries, or when need to reduce material viscosity through increasing temperature,

2. Good Chemical Stability

Inorganic ceramic membranes are resistant to acid, alkali, and biological corrosion, outperforming metal and other organic membrane materials in terms of corrosion resistance. They can be used to handle materials with extreme pH values, particularly alkaline materials, also have excellent antibacterial properties and resistance to biodegradation.

3. High Permeation Selectivity

Due to the small pore sizes of porous ceramic membranes, they have high permeation selectivity, and can be applied for ultrafiltration and microfiltration. Additionally, ceramic nanofiltration membranes have different separation characteristics for ions, so ceramic material could be selected according to the targeted ions to be separated.

4. No contamination, easy to clean, long service life

Ceramic membranes have excellent chemical stability, without phase changes or chemical reaction during the separation process, so there is no contamination to the liquid.

Ceramic membrane cleaning is quite easy, acidic, alkaline and enzymatic cleaners can be used to remove insoluble precipitates, oily substances and proteins on the membrane surface, steam and boiling water can used for sterilization, and backwash method can be applied to remove contaminants from the membrane pores, since ceramic membranes have asymmetric structure.

Ceramic membranes have excellent durability, typical lifespan is 3-5 years, and some can even reach up to 8-10 years with appropriate maintenance.

5. Photocatalysis

Certain types of ceramic membranes, such as TiO2 membranes, possess strong photocatalytic properties. Under ultraviolet light, they can kill bacteria and other microorganisms in the feed material, making them suitable for water treatment, air purification, and sterilization applications.

 

Application of Ceramic Membranes in Wastewater Treatment

 

1. Food Industry Wastewater
Ceramic membranes have high-temperature resistance, chemical stability, and resistance to acid, alkali, and biological corrosion, therefore they have a wide range of applications in food industry wastewater filtration treatment, mainly for manufacture factories of fruit juices, beer, soy sauce, vinegar, ginkgo water, tea, etc., also could be used for filtration of herbal medicines.

 

2. Textile and Paper-making Wastewater

Textile and paper-making wastewater is characterized by its large volume, high coloration, and complex composition, containing dyes, pulp, fiber impurities, heavy metals, and other substances, it has high biological toxicity and will cause severe pollution. Ceramic membranes is particularly effective to treat insoluble dyes, and for soluble dyes, the removal rate can be significantly improved by adding surfactant.

 

3. Biochemical Wastewater
Application of ceramic membranes in the field of biochemical engineering has recently attracted much attention, involving areas of cell removal, sterile water production, clarification of low-molecular-weight organic compounds, and bioreactor membranes. The use of ceramic membranes to separate bacteria from fermentation broth has resulted in multiple industrial-scale installations, only improving product productivity, reduces equipment load, but also significantly reducing wastewater discharge.

 

4. Oil-Containing Wastewater
Oil-containing wastewater originates from various sources, including petrochemicals, oil extraction, transportation, machining, leather, textiles, food, and pharmaceuticals. It is highly chemically oxygen-demanding and contains large amounts of oil, causing severe environmental pollution. Effective separation of oil-containing wastewater is crucial for environmental remediation, oil recovery, and water reuse. Ceramic membrane filtration technology has become a research hotspot due to its excellent separation effect and no secondary pollution.

 

5. Domestic and Urban Wastewater
Alumina membranes can be used to treat domestic and urban wastewater, micropores are not easy to be blocked, easy to clean, the trapped pollutants just stay on the surface of the control layer. After cleaning, the retention ratio and available flow rate can be nearly 100% recovered. Alumina membrane tubes with a control layer pore size ranging from 0.1-0.35μm have a removal rate of 83% for BOD5, 67% for CODcr, and 100% for solid suspended matter larger than 0.1μm.

 

Application of Ceramic Membrane Bioreactors in Water Treatment

 

Application of ceramic membranes in water treatment is particularly widespread in the treatment of wastewater, mainly industrial wastewater, research and application of ceramic membranes in domestic sewage treatment are still relatively rare. The primary applications of ceramic membranes in domestic sewage treatment can be categorized into two types: membrane separation and ceramic membrane bioreactors (CMBR) that combine membrane separation with bioreactor technology. Currently, membrane separation is less commonly seen in applied research, with the majority of efforts focusing on ceramic membrane bioreactors, predominantly anaerobic processes.

 

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is an innovative water treatment technology that combines membrane separation units with biological treatment units. Secondary sedimentation tank that used in traditional activated sludge method is replaced by membrane module, which is of high efficiency separation, unprecedented mud-water separation and sludge concentration effects are achieved. Additionally, the membrane efficiently retains suspended solids, organic matter, pathogens, and viruses from the wastewater, significantly improving the quality of the treated water.

 

Compared to traditional biochemical treatment techniques, MBR has significant advantages of high treatment efficiency, excellent water quality, compact equipment, small floor space, easy automation, and simplified operation and management. Since the 1980s, this technology has attracted increasing attention and become a hot topic in water treatment research. Currently, membrane bioreactors have been applied in more than ten countries,  including the United States, Germany, France, Japan, and Egypt.

 

 

For centralized municipal wastewater treatment, the large volume of water to be treated and relatively low concentration of pollutants make membrane filtration be energy-intensive and economically less feasible. However, ceramic membrane bioreactors can be used for distributed treatment of domestic sewage, such as wastewater reuse in a residential complex. Ceramic membrane bioreactors offer stable operation, minimal maintenance requirements, high mechanical strength, long service life, and resistance to chemical corrosion, making them highly competitive compared to organic membranes.

 

In summary, ceramic membrane bioreactors have gained widespread praise in industrial water treatment due to their long service life, high reliability, consistent treatment effect, less operational and maintenance requirements, and have great application prospects in distributed domestic sewage treatment.